Category Archives: English Writing Instruction

Writing well takes study and practice.

Should students focus on spelling, word order and capitalization when composing?

A reader asks:  Why do students not need to focus on spelling, word order, or capitalization when composing on electronic devices?

There are several reasons, but the most important reason is the same reason students don’t need to focus on those things when they are writing in long hand.  Continuing the flow of your ideas is what is most important while composing.

If a writer stops to check citation style or any other detail  while composing, the writer loses the flow of his or her ideas.  It’s better to keep writing while you know what you are going to say next and focus on details or fix mistakes later.

Another reason is that composing is a much harder task than editing.  Composing involves many higher level thinking skills—applying information, analyzing in a clear order, evaluating choices while you write, and bringing together ideas.  These skills are more difficult than fixing a spelling mistake.  So it is better to work on harder composing skills without interrupting your flow with editing details.

Still another reason is that electronic equipment fixes many mistakes when a writer reaches the end of a sentence.  The “fix” might not be correct or what you want, but again, you can make needed changes when you have finished composing.  Many writers compose during their most alert hours, during quiet hours when their minds work best.  They save their editing for times when flow is less important.

Polishing writing is important.  It is during revising that so-so writing becomes great.  Revising means analyzing whether everything you need to say is said, whether your information is in the correct order, whether you need to delete or insert material, whether you have named your sources.  Revising is not as hard as composing, but it is easier than editing for English conventions.  Some writers revise as they compose and others might wait until the end of a composing session.

Eventually, students do need to focus on spelling, word order, and capitalization, but not while they are composing.

How to mark a student’s writing

A reader has asked me, when I mark a student’s writing, why do I put light boxes or highlights around the text rather than crossing it out?

Here’s why:  I try to put myself in my student’s shoes.  If 12-year-old me saw parts of my writing crossed out by my teacher, how would I feel?  Pretty down, I suspect.  And on the defensive.

But if I saw my writing with a box around it, the words still visible, I might wonder why the teacher did that.  Maybe it was great writing!  Maybe not, but maybe something about the writing needed to be discussed.  I would feel open to hearing what the teacher would say  about my writing.  I wouldn’t be on the defensive as I might if the writing were crossed out.

When a student’s text is highlighted or boxed (because I think it should be deleted), I usually suggest it be moved to the end of the passage where it stays intact.  The student can read the passage without the boxed part.  If the student disagrees with my judgment, he or she can always put the boxed part back or can put part of it back or put it elsewhere.

As a longtime writer, I have had many editors and first readers suggest deleting phrases, sentences, and paragraphs.  Once a first reader I respected suggested I delete the first 37 pages of a story I was writing.  I know such suggestions are meant to improve my writing, so I listen and consider carefully what my readers suggest.

But student writers haven’t had years of feedback.  They might not trust my opinion.  So I want my markings to be as benign as possible to encourage students to listen with open minds to my revision suggestions.

Is it possible to express emotion in text without !!! ☹ lol ↓ ♥️ 👍🏿 ?

When Shakespeare wants to express strong emotion, he resorts to metaphors such as “What light through yonder window breaks?  It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon.” Romeo expresses intense passion for Juliet by  comparing Juliet to the brilliant sun.  No !!! needed here.

Robert Frost also uses metaphors to express emotion when he says, “The woods are lovely, dark and deep, but I have promises to keep, and miles to go before I sleep.”  He contrasts the aching loveliness of woods filling up with snow with the weariness and duty of the narrator.   No unhappy emojis needed here.

When Jane Austin wants to show emotion between the mismatched Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, she does so using witty sarcasm.  When Mrs. Bennet complains to her husband, “You have no compassion on my poor nerves!”  Mr. Bennet responds, “I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends; I have heard you mention them with consideration these twenty years at least.”  Mr. Bennet’s words are amusing but also show disappointment in his wife’s silly priorities.  No haha needed here.

These methods of showing emotion require thoughtfulness on the part of the writers.  Can you imagine Mr. Bennet rolling his eyes at his wife’s inanity and walking away without comment?  How easy that would have been for Jane Austen.  But what a two-hundred year loss of humor and gentle sarcasm.

Today’s writers of text messages—the medium which gave rise to the shortcut visual emotional responses—either haven’t the time, the desire, or the know-how to attract our minds with clever metaphors or retorts.  So they resort to !!! or 😉 to express feelings.  But how thin those feelings are compared to “My love is like a red, red rose.”  No ! needed here.

 

5 steps to nail a two-sentence fiction summary

Is it possible to summarize a novel in two sentences?  Yes, and here’s how.

Identify the five elements below to create a two sentence synopsis. They elements are

  1. A Hero/protagonist—Who is the main character?  Don’t confuse narrator with main character.  Dr. Watson is the narrator, but Sherlock Holmes is the main character.
  2. A Situation the protagonist faces—What problem does the protagonist need to overcome?
  3. A Goal the protagonist needs to achieve—What would mean victory for the protagonist? Usually it means returning life to the way it was before the inciting incident of the story.
  4. A Villain opposing the protagonist’s goal—Who or what is blocking the hero?  If the villain is personified, all the better.
  5. A Disaster happening if the villain succeeds—What disaster will follow if the protagonist does not succeed and the villain thwarts the protagonist’s goal?

The first three elements are written as a one-sentence statement, and the second two are written as a one-sentence question.

Here are two examples from To Kill a Mockingbird accompanied by an explanation of how the five elements apply to that fictional story.  (I use Mockingbird as an example in my blog often because most American middle school students are required to read this novel.)

Example one: In a small town in Alabama in the 1930s (part of the situation), a girl (the protagonist) and her brother try to lure their reclusive neighbor into the open (another part of the situation and the goal).  But can they overcome his extreme shyness and his brother’s violent control (villains) or will he remain a prisoner of his brother forever (disaster)?

Example two: A small town attorney (protagonist) must convince (goal) an all-white jury in 1934 Alabama that a black man did not attack a white woman (situation).  Can the attorney overcome the racial prejudice of his neighbors and the testimony of the woman and her father (villains) to paccused (disaster)?

Some tips on how to write this kind of summary:

Follow the story arc during the first third of the novel to find the information to include.

Write concisely.  Rarely use names, dates, locations or other details.  They will muddle the summary and confuse the reader.

Focus on action.  Skip themes.

For more on this kind of writing, see Techniques of the Selling Writer by Dwight V. Swain.

Making peace with AI, one word at a time

A student was writing about a vacation experience using an iPad.  As he lengthened words into phrases and phrases into sentences, corrections automatically appeared on his google document.  For example,

  • My student wrote, “We stoped at” but before he could write the next word, google’s AI changed “stoped” to “stopped.” My student did not need to think why his spelling was wrong or how to fix it.  AI subtly did that for him, allowing the student to focus on the content of what he was writing.
  • My student wrote, “but we couldn’t eventually see.” Google AI changed the word order to “but eventually we couldn’t see.” No explanation was given to my student for this change.  He probably didn’t notice it because he was finishing the sentence.

When I work in Microsoft Word, that software makes similar changes.  Right now, as I type the word “type,” over that word appears the correct spelling.  The software has guessed what word I want and has suggested how to spell it.  I don’t need to know how to spell.

As a teacher [teacher, teaches, and teaching just appeared as I wrote the word “teacher”], I realize my students are not forced to spell correctly, or to understand proper word order, or to remember that the pronoun “I” needs to be capitalized.  As long as they compose on electronic equipment in its default mode, they need not learn the nitty gritty of writing.

What is a teacher to do?  Allow AI to do its magic?  Or interrupt a student’s flow to ask why AI made a particular change?

My decision is to allow AI to fix my students’ work.  My students will likely be writing on a computer or tablet or phone for years to come, and will avail themselves of these fixes outside of class.  So why not in class?  Kids used to take pencil to paper to write; now they take fingers to a keyboard.  I see this situation as similar to allowing math students to use calculators, or letting my phone remember phone numbers, or letting GPS direct me on vacation.

I have another student taking an AP course.  Soon she will need to take a test requiring her to write several paragraphs in longhand.  Without AI to correct her, her poor grammar skills will show.  Even if her thinking is flawless, if she cannot write a coherent sentence to show her thinking, her grade will disappoint.

Yet looking at my students’ futures, how often will they be required to write in longhand?  Is the teacher requiring longhand for a test being realistic?  Writing in longhand is becoming passé.

I suspect this blog will seem ridiculous to my grandchildren when they are my age.  Technology will have changed so much by then.  And the changed technology will change the expectations of teachers and students.  Better they learn to use technology than how to spell “stopped” correctly.  Their future depends on technology, not on correct spelling.