What are the essential skills of writing?

One way to decide is by grade level.  First graders’ essential skills are different from students writing their Ph. D. dissertations.  Another way is by occupation.  Mothers emailing their children in college need different skills from project managers.  Still another way is by audience.  A newcomer to a language needs fewer skills than an editor of a financial publication.

Another way to see what are essential writing skills is to consider the rubrics middle and high school students need to follow.  However, they vary by teacher, subject, grade level, type writing, and on and on.

I have found research identifying the essential skills of reading, but I haven’t been able to find research showing essential skills of writing.  What I have found is a long laundry list, varying by teacher, school, or writer.  These skills include in no particular order:

  • Research, including using citations properly
  • Outlining and organizing before writing sentences
  • Revising after the first draft is complete
  • Spelling
  • Vocabulary and usage
  • Brevity
  • Sentence construction
  • Clarity
  • Persuasiveness
  • Punctuation
  • Voice
  • Hooks
  • Figurative language, imagery, idioms
  • Details, data
  • Vivid verbs, active voice verbs, consistent verb tense
  • Credibility
  • Editing

Missing from this list are some skills I find essential such as audience (Who are you writing for?  What are their reading skills and needs?), time management (How much time does the writer have?  Is she on deadline?), technical help (Are online grammar sites, AI, Spellcheck or an English teacher available to consult?), and thesis /main idea (Is the main idea stated, usually in the last sentence of the first paragraph.)

Because many sources say the same skill (grammar, for example) is important does not mean that skill is essential.  But it is a heavy contender.  Based on frequency of appearing on essential writing skills lists, I would single out these skills as a good start:

  • Outlining and organizing before writing sentences.
  • Writing a thesis or main idea and sticking to it.
  • Following the outline.
  • Including details.
  • Ignoring perfectionist tendencies; continuing even with mistakes.
  • Revising the first draft.
  • Editing, especially checking for grammar.

This is the way I teach writing to my students.  With enough practice, they become decent writers.

 

Ways AI can grade student writing

High school students complain about how slowly they receive their graded tests from teachers, especially written work.  Essays in particular are slow to be returned.  Weeks—sometimes even a month—will pass before a teacher hands back a graded essay to a student.

That is changing, or it could be, if teachers use an automated essay grading system (AEG).  Artificial intelligence (AI) embedded in software available online can do grading lickety-split almost as well as teachers can.  Some widely-used AEG systems include: 

The E-rater® (ETS).  This software is used to grade standardized tests like the GRE and GMAT. According to the E-rater website, this software uses AI and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to evaluate:

  • “content analysis based on vocabulary measures
  • “lexical complexity/diction
  • “proportion of grammar, usage and mechanics errors
  • “proportion of style comments
  • “organization and development scores
  • “rewarding idiomatic phraseology.”

IntelliMetric™.  This software evaluates over 400 features for a comprehensive analysis.  According to the IntelliMetric website, this product can score open-ended questions and give students immediate feedback.  It does this by “learning” responses made by experts and applying them to student work.  IntelliMetric software considers organization, development of ideas, sentence structure, style, conventions and coherence.

Intelligent Essay Assessor (IEA): This software uses Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to evaluate semantic content and meaning. It compares student written essays to pre-scored essays written by experts.  The scores that student essays earn when evaluated with this software compare to the scores human evaluators would give the essays, according to the IEA website.

PEG (Project Essay Grade): This software identifies patterns in a student’s writing (use of prepositional phrases, word count, and punctuation, for example) and correlates those features with complexity, fluency and mastery of conventions found in good writing.  According to the PEG website, PEG focuses on six traits of writing, including organization, style, development of ideas, word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions. All this is done using technology:  Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and large language models (LLMs).

Virtual Writing Tutor: This free online software can find grammar and spelling errors in student work.  It can also link you to an online tutor.

SmartMarq: Teachers can list their own criteria for evaluating student work, feed it into SmartMarq’s software, and have the software evaluate student work.  The evaluations are customized to the teacher’s criteria.

In reading the websites of the automated essay grading systems discussed above, I found one problem over and over.  The websites themselves seem not to have been evaluated for their readability. If you’re a computer expert, the words and abbreviations probably makes sense.  But based on my own trouble understanding these websites, I wonder if they make sense to English teachers who are teaching students to use standard English.

 

Rewrite along with your student

Suppose a talented but easily bored third grader needs to stay focused on her writing lessons in order to improve her writing skills.  This student likes silliness, absurdity and humor in writing.  (Don’t we all?)  My solution:  Take short passages from books,  replace dull parts, and add humorous details.

My student and I began with a passage from the novel Wonder.  In the passage, a mother is in the hospital, about to give birth, when the nurse helping her farts — not not a sneaky fart, but a loud, explosive fart.  (Kids love to read about farts.)  Meanwhile the doctor faints and the angry father doesn’t know what to do.

I suggested to my student that she imagine what comes next in this situation and write about that.  I had to convince her that because this was writing practice, she could write whatever she wanted.  It didn’t have to agree with the book or even be true.  She was not convinced.  So I took the lead and wrote the next sentence.

“Hey!  I’m having a baby over here!” the mother said.  “Somebody help me.”

My student’s eyes lit.  She quickly wrote the next sentence:

“But I am tired.  Let’s wait for the doctor to wake up,” the farting nurse said. 

My turn.  I wrote:

“The baby’s coming NOW!” the mother cried. 

My student wrote next:

“What kind of hospital is this? Our baby needs to be born,” the father shouted.

And so we continued until the end of class, or should I say past the end of class because the student wanted to continue.

Is the writing outstanding?  Well, for a third grader, it’s pretty good.  Was the student engaged?  Definitely.  Will the student use dialog in the future?  Probably, especially if we practice it more.

Did it make a difference that the teacher was writing?  That might have been the most important factor of all.  It’s always more fun if you work with someone else.  In this case, the teacher was more of a fellow writer than an expert, so the student was not intimidated.  I deleted parts of what I wrote and rewrote them, modeling good writing practices.  I responded to my student’s ideas, letting her know her ideas were important.

Is this a practical writing exercise?  Yes, most teachers can do this with a class weekly or biweekly.  The problem is finding a writing passage to launch the student/teacher collaboration.  Some possibilities are

  • Mark Twain’s work. It’s all in the public domain now, so you don’t have to worry about copyrights.  And it’s full of humorous scenes and dialog.  Tom Sawyer convincing his friends to paint the fence.  Tom falling in love with Becky.  Tom and Huck showing up for their own funerals.  Huck dressing like a girl to visit a river town.  If a passage is too long, it only takes a few minutes to paraphrase it and send it to students’ networked computers.

 

  • Scenes from Judy Bloom’s Fudge.   You’d have to summarize a scene like the father pouring the meal over Fudge’s head in the bathtub, but most kids are familiar with Fudge’s antics anyway.  The idea is to write them in your own style, with your own imaginary details.  Two or three kids could collaborate and later share their passages after the teacher patterns how to work together.

 

  • Wimpy Kid Greg finds himself in dozens of silly predicaments. Look at the pictures and write what you see, forgetting Jeff Kinny’s words on the page.  Elaborate on what students know by adding new details.

 

  • For older students, take Romeo’s words about Juliet being the sun to a jealous moon.  What would Juliet say if she were a female Young Sheldon who didn’t get poetry or metaphors?  Or rewrite Mercutio’s double entendres as a conversation with his friends.

Teachers might say, I don’t have time for this.  But do you have an hour once a month to create or find a passage to use with your class?  Could other teachers do the same and share their work?  Students need imaginative writing lessons to improve their writing skills.

Should students focus on spelling, word order and capitalization when composing?

A reader asks:  Why do students not need to focus on spelling, word order, or capitalization when composing on electronic devices?

There are several reasons, but the most important reason is the same reason students don’t need to focus on those things when they are writing in long hand.  Continuing the flow of your ideas is what is most important while composing.

If a writer stops to check citation style or any other detail  while composing, the writer loses the flow of his or her ideas.  It’s better to keep writing while you know what you are going to say next and focus on details or fix mistakes later.

Another reason is that composing is a much harder task than editing.  Composing involves many higher level thinking skills—applying information, analyzing in a clear order, evaluating choices while you write, and bringing together ideas.  These skills are more difficult than fixing a spelling mistake.  So it is better to work on harder composing skills without interrupting your flow with editing details.

Still another reason is that electronic equipment fixes many mistakes when a writer reaches the end of a sentence.  The “fix” might not be correct or what you want, but again, you can make needed changes when you have finished composing.  Many writers compose during their most alert hours, during quiet hours when their minds work best.  They save their editing for times when flow is less important.

Polishing writing is important.  It is during revising that so-so writing becomes great.  Revising means analyzing whether everything you need to say is said, whether your information is in the correct order, whether you need to delete or insert material, whether you have named your sources.  Revising is not as hard as composing, but it is easier than editing for English conventions.  Some writers revise as they compose and others might wait until the end of a composing session.

Eventually, students do need to focus on spelling, word order, and capitalization, but not while they are composing.

How to mark a student’s writing

A reader has asked me, when I mark a student’s writing, why do I put light boxes or highlights around the text rather than crossing it out?

Here’s why:  I try to put myself in my student’s shoes.  If 12-year-old me saw parts of my writing crossed out by my teacher, how would I feel?  Pretty down, I suspect.  And on the defensive.

But if I saw my writing with a box around it, the words still visible, I might wonder why the teacher did that.  Maybe it was great writing!  Maybe not, but maybe something about the writing needed to be discussed.  I would feel open to hearing what the teacher would say  about my writing.  I wouldn’t be on the defensive as I might if the writing were crossed out.

When a student’s text is highlighted or boxed (because I think it should be deleted), I usually suggest it be moved to the end of the passage where it stays intact.  The student can read the passage without the boxed part.  If the student disagrees with my judgment, he or she can always put the boxed part back or can put part of it back or put it elsewhere.

As a longtime writer, I have had many editors and first readers suggest deleting phrases, sentences, and paragraphs.  Once a first reader I respected suggested I delete the first 37 pages of a story I was writing.  I know such suggestions are meant to improve my writing, so I listen and consider carefully what my readers suggest.

But student writers haven’t had years of feedback.  They might not trust my opinion.  So I want my markings to be as benign as possible to encourage students to listen with open minds to my revision suggestions.