Category Archives: teaching of writing

Use PEE or PIE to develop body paragraphs in persuasive writing

PEE (Point, Evidence, Explain) is term to describe how paragraphs in persuasive writing should be developed.  It comes from research at the University of Arizona by Dr. Anne-Marie Hall who called it PIE (Point, Illustration, Explanation).  Paragraphs developed this way form good body paragraphs of persuasive writing.

Using this format, students write an opening topic sentence.  They follow it with facts to back it up.  Lastly, they connect the topic sentence and facts, analyzing how the facts support the topic sentence.

PEE is a method used in elementary grades to prepare students for persuasive writing.  Older students will use the same kind of logic in writing a thesis and in locating good research to cite to back a thesis.  PEE also teaches children the importance of facts such as names, numbers, and precise quotations if they want their opinions to be respected.

Here is a break-down of what PEE means, using and example that fourth graders could write:

P stands for Point, the point you are making in your answer to a question.  This point is made in a single sentence.  For example, the question could be, “Are you having a spelling test today?”  Your answer (point) could be, “Yes, I am having a spelling test today.

E stands for Evidence, the facts or examples that prove your point.  This evidence consists of facts such as numbers, dates, precise names, sources, and direct quotations.  For example, the evidence could be 1) It is Friday, and my teacher, Mrs. Spilling, always gives spelling tests on Friday.  2) Mrs. Spilling posted on September 23 on her school website (MrsBSpilling@ABCschool.edu) that my class is having a spelling test today.  3) My mother heard me my spelling words at 7:30 last night the way she always does the night before my spelling tests.

The second E stands for Explain.  That means to connect the point and the evidence.  For example, So because today is Friday, and my teacher, Mrs. Spilling posted on her website on Tuesday, September 23 that my class would have a spelling test today, and because my mother heard me my spelling words last night, I know I am having a spelling test today.

(A related idea which I have discussed previously in this blog is the sandwich method of introducing a quotation/citation into writing.)

The PEE or PIE format is not used for essay introductions or conclusions.  It shows a way to develop body paragraphs.

What does “to write” mean in 2023?

I used to think I knew what it meant to write and to teach how to write, but in recent weeks I am not so sure anymore.

I’ve read how AI Chat GPT can write paragraphs hard to distinguish from student-written paragraphs.  I’ve read some of those Chat GPT paragraphs, and I can’t tell the difference.  Is this how students—those who can afford Chat GPT—will write now:  input information and receive coherent, grammatically correct output to turn in for assignments?

Since students will certainly use Chat GPT and other AI like it, what do teachers teach?  If not on the writing process, should the focus be on key words?  Should teachers  look at the output and think, well, the input must have been pretty good to achieve this good of an output, so I’ll give the student an A+ on input.  Are key words what we will be grading from now on since we can expect the actual composing will be done by a machine?

Do teachers need to ask students to weave some highly local information—the spelling bee yesterday at XYZ School, the performance of substitute teacher Mrs. Poggi last week—into their writing so that AI has no way to access that local information into its output, and so students are forced to write for themselves?

Do teachers need to look at the kind of writing AI can do well—description, for example, and historical summaries—and no longer assign that kind of writing?  Do teachers need to look at the kind of writing AI can’t do well—hypothetical situations, for example, or inference or human emotions—and and assign writing embedding those concepts?  (If General Lee had asked for your advice when President Lincoln offered him command of the Union armies at the start of the Civil War, what would you have advised him in view of his reputation then and today?)

With visual information sources (streaming TV, YouTube, video games, and Facetime) replacing more static sources (newspapers, journals, and letters) in the 21st century, is the kind of writing teachers focused on in the 20th century no longer useful to students today?  Should English teachers stop asking students to write essays determining who is responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet and instead ask students to create a video comparing the open carrying of swords in 16th century Verona to the open carrying of guns in the US today—complete with photos of swords and guns and videos of  sword fights and gun fights?

We are living in a period of rapid flux, with the technology of 2022 already out of date in 2023.  The teacher education I received in the early 1990s was outdated then, with no mention of how to incorporate computers into learning—and for that matter, no course on how to teach writing.  I assume courses on teaching writing are now offered, but I suspect none incorporate how to use Chat GPT as a writing tool.  And by the time they do, it will be supplanted by a more advanced technology.

Which brings me back to my point:  What does “to write” mean in 2023.